
CD Markers: CD100 to
CD400
Last revised
Last major
updated August 2007
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2001-2008 PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
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Note: no/minimal information is
available on CDw145, CD182, CD185-194, CD196-199, CD211, CD214-216, CD218-220, CD237
Primary references
American Journal of Clinical Pathology (AJCP), August 1975 to August 2007
American Journal of Surgical Pathology (AJSP), March 1977 to August 2007
Archives of Pathology and Lab
Medicine (Archives), January 1976 to July 2007
Biomed Center,
Human
Pathology (Hum Path), March 1970 to August 2007
Modern Pathology
(Mod Path),
January 1988 to August 2007
Rosai, J: Ackerman’s Surgical Pathology (9th Ed); Mosby, 2004
Sternberg,
S: Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (4th Ed); Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2004
University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center Case Reports
CD Marker websites: http://ca.expasy.org/cgi-bin/lists?cdlist.txt, Protein Reviews On the Web, http://www.ebioscience.com/ebioscience/whatsnew/humancdchart.htm
Also called
Integral membrane protein and ligand
for CD72 and plexin-B1
Functions:
(a) regulates axonal growth cone
guidance in the developing
(b) evokes
angiogenic responses from endothelial cells (Blood 2005;105:4321)
(c) impairs
monocyte migration
(d) after
vascular injury, platelet associated CD100 binds to CD100 receptors on nearby
platelets to promote thrombus formation (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2007;104:1621)
(e) increases
CD45 induced T cell adhesion
(f) down
regulates B cell expression of CD23
Expression may have prognostic value
in soft tissue sarcoma (Cancer
2007;110:164)
Uses: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining (normal): most hematopoietic cells including
platelets, increased expression after T cell activation
Negative staining: immature bone marrow cells
Micro images: head
and neck squamous cell carcinoma
References: OMIM 601866, Wikipedia (semaphorins)
Also called immunoglobulin
superfamily member 2 (IGSF2), V7
Inhibits T cell activation induced
by CD3, by (a) inhibiting IL-2RA expression on activated T cells and IL2
secretion (J Immunol 1998;161:209), (b) inducing IL10 production (Eur
J Immunol 2000;30:3132)
Uses: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining (normal): monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic
cells, activated T lymphocytes in small intestine
Positive staining (disease): CD4+ CD56+ blastic tumor cells (J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:668), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Histopathology
2000;36:229)
Micro images: CD4+
CD56+ blastic tumor cells
References: OMIM 604516, J
Immunol 1998;161:2780
Also called ICAM-2
Binds the leukocyte integrins LFA-1
(CD11a/CD18) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)
Provides costimulatory signal in
immune response; important in lymphocyte recirculation (J Immunol 2003;171:2588)
Endothelial ICAM-2 mediates
angiogenesis (Blood 2005;106:1636)
Elevated serum levels in (a)
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (Viral
Immunol 2006;19:565) and (b) idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis (Inflammation
2004;28:359)
Uses: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining (normal): resting lymphocytes, monocytes,
platelets, vascular endothelial cells
Positive staining (disease): some lymphomas
Negative staining: neutrophils
References: OMIM 146630
Also called human mucosal lymphocyte
antigen 1, integrin alpha E beta 7
CD103+ tumor infiltrating
lymphocytes have a cytotoxic antitumor effect (J
Exp Med 2007;204:559), may play a role in renal allograft rejection (Am
J Transplant 2004;4:1026, J Exp Med 2002;196:873)
Uses: marker for hairy cell leukemia, intraepithelial
lymphocytes (normal or tumor)
Positive staining (normal): intraepithelial T lymphocytes (90%
in GI, tonsil-J Immunol 2005;175:4355, 30% in lung-Clin
Exp Immunol 2007;149:162), lamina propria T lymphocytes in the intestine
(50%), dendritic cells in gut (J Exp Med 2005;202:1051), rare peripheral blood lymphocytes
Positive staining (disease): hairy cell leukemia (usually, AJCP
2006;125:251), enteropathy-associated T cell
lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma (some)
Flow cytometry images: hairy
cell leukemia variant often expresses CD103 but not CD25 #1; #2
(fig C)
References: OMIM 604682
Also called integrin beta 4 chain
Tends to associate with alpha 6 subunit (CD49f)
Adhesion receptor (for laminins) in
normal epithelia that plays a critical role in structure of hemidesmosomes;
associated with intermediate filaments
May contribute to tumor progression
(Cancer
Metastasis Rev 2005;24:413) via VEGF stimulation (J Cell Biol 2002;158:165)
Overexpressed in pancreatic
adenocarcinoma (J Histochem Cytochem 2005;53:799)
Mutations are associated with
epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia (Exp
Dermatol 2004;13:61)
Uses: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining (normal): epithelium, thymocytes, Schwann
cells
Positive staining (disease): carcinomas (some)
Micro images: normal pancreas and adenocarcinoma
References: OMIM 147557
Also called endoglin
Regulatory component of TGF-beta
receptor complex; mediates cellular response to TGF-beta 1
Mutations cause Hereditary
Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia type I (Am J Hum Genet 1997;61:68)
Required for hemangioblast and early
hematopoietic development (Development
2007;134:3041)
Uses: specific and sensitive marker for tumor angiogenesis
(better than CD31)
Poor prognostic factor -
increased microvessel staining: acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (Leuk
Res 2007 Jun 15; [Epub ahead of print]), breast carcinoma (AJCP
2003;119:374, including node negative-Hum
Path 2004;35:176), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (Mod Path 2004;17:1513), colorectal carcinoma (Mod Path 2004;17:197), endometrial carcinoma (Gynecol
Oncol 2006;103:1007), esophageal adenocarcinoma (Hum
Path 2006;37:861), gastric carcinoma (Hum
Path 2006;37:861), hepatocellular carcinoma (BMC Cancer 2006;6:110), meningioma (Acta
Neuropathol (Berl) 2007;114:147), ovarian carcinoma (Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:1789), primary
Poor prognostic factor -
other:
serum endoglin is associated with intrauterine growth retardation during
pregnancy (J
Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2831), preeclampsia (N
Engl J Med 2006;355:992, Nat
Med 2006;12:642), diabetic retinopathy (J
Cell Mol Med 2005;9:692)
Tissue endoglin is associated with
progressive hepatic fibrosis in chronic HCV infection (J
Viral Hepat 2006;13:625) and aortic atherosclerosis (J Atheroscler Thromb 2006;13:82)
Positive staining (normal): activated monocytes, erythroid
precursors in marrow; syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast in first trimester
(transient expression)
Positive staining (disease): endometriosis (Reprod Biol 2005;5:51), tumor microvessels (Rom
J Morphol Embryol 2007;48:41)
Negative staining: normal endothelial cells (or weak)
Micro images: chronic
idiopathic myelofibrosis (fig c, e, f); endometriosis
(fig 3-5); liver-normal
liver (fig 4); hepatocellular carcinoma
#1; #2
and normal liver; lung-non
small cell carcinoma (fig D)
References: J Transl Med 2004;2:18
Also called VCAM-1 (vascular cell
adhesion molecule 1); alpha 4 beta 1 ligand
Interacts with beta 1 integrin VLA4
Adhesion molecular in activated
endothelium; plays a role in migration of white blood cells (J Exp Med 2006;203:2763)
May mediate endothelial progenitor
cell recruitment to rheumatoid arthritis synovium (Arthritis
Rheum 2007;56:1817); associated with type II rheumatic
disease (Cell
Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2002;48 Online Pub:OL243)
Important in initiation of
atherosclerosis (J Clin Invest 2001;107:1255)
Renal cell carcinoma may exploit
VCAM-1 overexpression for immune system escape (Cancer
Res 2007;67:6003); on the other hand, down
regulation in breast cancer is associated with nodal metastases (Pathol Oncol Res 2002;8:125)
Increased expression: in placentas of women with
pregnancy induced hypertension complicated by intrauterine growth retardation (Di
Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2002;22:1022)
Increased plasma levels: associated with: breast cancer [high stage] with circulating cancer cells (Neoplasma 2006;53:538), cancer (general)-early stage or preclinical (Eur J Cancer 2005;41:2355), dengue virus infection severity (J Med Virol 2004;72:445), diabetes with poor control (high HbA1c-Diabetes Care 2007;30:159 or arteriosclerosis obliterans-Clin Chi